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How Do I Budget a Medical or Dental Office Buildout?

📖 1,939 words🗓️ Published Jun 23, 2026

Direct Answer

Budget a medical or dental office buildout at $100–$300 per square foot, with general medical offices landing around $100–$200/sq ft and specialized builds — surgical suites, dental operatories, imaging rooms — running $200–$400+/sq ft because of plumbing, lead shielding, medical gas, and equipment infrastructure. For a typical 3,000 sq ft practice, that's an all-in of $300,000–$1,200,000. The biggest money-saver is negotiating a Tenant Improvement (TI) allowance of $40–$100/sq ft — medical landlords routinely give higher TI than retail because healthcare tenants are sticky, long-term, and high-credit. On a 3,000 sq ft suite at $70/sq ft, that's $210,000 the landlord funds. Also negotiate 6–12 months of free rent during the long medical buildout, and confirm utility, plumbing, and HVAC capacity before signing — retrofitting a standard office into operatories or exam rooms is where budgets explode.

Where the Money Goes in a Medical Build

Medical and dental builds are plumbing- and infrastructure-heavy. The cost drivers differ sharply from a standard office:

Plumbing and operatories: 20–35%. Every dental operatory needs water, suction, drainage, and compressed air. Each operatory can cost $25,000–$50,000 fully equipped. Exam rooms with sinks add plumbing runs throughout.
MEP and HVAC: 20–30%. Medical spaces need upgraded HVAC for air exchange, isolation, and equipment heat. Surgical and procedure rooms may require dedicated air-handling and negative-pressure systems.
Specialized infrastructure: 10–25%. Lead shielding for X-ray/imaging ($15,000–$60,000), medical gas lines (oxygen, nitrous, vacuum), nurse-call systems, and shielded data.
Finishes and casework: 15–20%. Medical-grade, cleanable surfaces, built-in casework/cabinetry, ADA-compliant layouts, antimicrobial flooring.
FF&E and equipment: varies widely. Chairs, imaging, sterilization — often a separate budget from construction, financed through equipment loans.
Soft costs: 10–15%. Architect with healthcare experience, MEP engineer, permits, and health-department/licensing review.

Site Selection: Buy the Right Infrastructure, Don't Build It

The cheapest path is leasing a space that already fits the use.

Target a second-generation medical space. A former dental or medical office already has the plumbing layout, operatory infrastructure, shielding, and medical-grade HVAC. This can save $75,000–$300,000 and months of timeline. CBRE and JLL healthcare-advisory teams specialize in sourcing these.
Confirm core-and-shell capacity in writing. Medical uses demand more water, drainage, electrical, and HVAC tonnage than standard office. Get the landlord to document available capacity before signing — a discovery that the building can't support the air exchange or amperage can add $50,000–$150,000 or kill the deal entirely.
Check the building classification and zoning. Not every office building permits medical use; parking ratios, ADA access, and after-hours HVAC all matter. A space that can't be licensed is worthless no matter how cheap.

The TI Allowance: Medical Tenants Have Leverage

Healthcare tenants are landlords' favorite tenants — long leases, strong credit, low turnover. Use that.

Higher TI than retail or general office: $40–$100/sq ft is common, and $100+/sq ft for strong-credit groups or medical office buildings (MOBs) built for healthcare. On 3,000 sq ft at $70/sq ft, the landlord funds $210,000.
Free rent during the long build. Medical buildouts take 4–8 months; demand 6–12 months of rent abatement so you're not paying for a construction site. That's $30,000–$120,000 saved.
Negotiate "turnkey" delivery for general medical. For non-specialized exam-room buildouts, you can sometimes get the landlord to deliver the space built to your plans (turnkey), shifting cost-overrun risk to them.
Amortized TI is a loan. Extra allowance amortized into rent at 7–10% interest is debt — compare it to an SBA 7(a) or equipment loan before accepting.
Use a healthcare tenant rep. A broker who does medical leases knows MOB landlords, market TI norms, and how to structure draws — paid out of the standard commission pool, not your pocket.

Control the Build and the Equipment Spend

Get a fixed-price GC contract from contractors with healthcare build experience — medical work has stricter inspections (health department, infection control, ADA) and a generalist GC will rack up rework.
Separate construction from equipment budgets. Imaging, chairs, and sterilization are often equipment-financed at favorable rates. Don't fund a CBCT scanner out of your construction loan.
Lock plans before bidding. Operatory plumbing and shielding change orders are brutally expensive — a relocated operatory can cost $20,000+ mid-build.
Carry a 10–15% contingency. Medical retrofits routinely uncover plumbing, code, and HVAC surprises.
Phase if cash is tight. Build the operatories/exam rooms you need on day one and stub in plumbing/electrical for future rooms — far cheaper than re-opening walls later.

Don't Get Screwed: The Traps

HVAC that can't handle medical load. Standard office HVAC won't meet medical air-exchange requirements. Verify tonnage and air handling before signing, or you'll pay $40,000–$100,000 to upgrade.
Shielding and med-gas afterthoughts. Lead shielding and medical gas must be designed in early; retrofitting after framing is costly rework.
Health-department delays. Licensing and inspection can add weeks to months. Hire a healthcare-experienced architect and permit expediter to avoid paying rent on an unlicensable space.
TI clawbacks and draw expirations. Allowances that expire if unused within 6–12 months, or claw back on early default, can leave you short. Read disbursement terms.

flowchart TD A["Medical/Dental Buildout Budget"] --> B["Plumbing & Operatories 20-35%"] A --> C["MEP & HVAC 20-30%"] A --> D["Specialized: shielding, med gas 10-25%"] A --> E["Finishes & Casework 15-20%"] A --> F["Soft Costs 10-15%"] A --> G["Contingency 10-15%"] B --> H[Each operatory $25K-50K] D --> I[Lead shielding $15K-60K]

flowchart LR A[Total Medical Build Cost] --> B["TI Allowance $40-100/sf"] A --> C[Equipment financed separately] A --> D[Your out-of-pocket] B --> E[Landlord funds large share] C --> F["Equipment loan / SBA"] A --> G[6-12 mo free rent] G --> H[Save $30K-120K] B --> I["Progress draws w/ lien waivers"]

Related on PULSE

[How Do I Budget a Call Center or BPO Office Buildout?](/knowledge/q13800)
[How Do I Budget an Orthodontics or Oral-Surgery Office Buildout?](/knowledge/q13784)
[What Service Fees Should a Dental Practice Charge?](/knowledge/q16135)
[How Do I Get My Dental Front Desk to Close Treatment Plans?](/knowledge/q15834)
[How Many Sales Reps Do I Need to Hire for My Dental Equipment Company?](/knowledge/q15761)
[How Many Sales Reps Do I Need to Hire for My Dental Support Organization?](/knowledge/q15556)

The Hidden Cost of MEP/FP Infrastructure

Plumbing, electrical, and medical gas systems often consume 30–40% of a medical or dental buildout budget — far more than in standard commercial offices. A single dental operatory requires 6–8 plumbing rough-ins (water, suction, compressed air), while an imaging suite needs dedicated 208V or 480V circuits and sometimes a transformer upgrade. Budget $15–$25 per square foot for basic MEP/FP work, but expect $30–$50/sq ft if you’re adding a wet lab, sterilization center, or nitrous oxide lines. Lead shielding for X-ray rooms adds another $5,000–$15,000 per room. Always get a separate MEP/FP bid from a contractor who specializes in healthcare — general electricians routinely underestimate the cost of medical-grade wiring and backflow prevention.

The Permit and Compliance Trap

Municipal permits for medical buildouts cost 2–4x more than retail permits because of health department reviews, fire marshal inspections, and ADA compliance checks. Budget $5,000–$20,000 for permit fees alone, plus 4–12 weeks of review time. Common gotchas include: insufficient egress width for gurneys (needs 48 inches), missing handwashing sinks in exam rooms (required by code in most states), and inadequate ventilation for sterilization areas. A single plan revision can cost $1,500–$5,000 in architect fees. Factor in a 10–15% contingency ($30,000–$180,000 on a typical project) specifically for compliance surprises — not for cosmetic upgrades.

Equipment and Furnishings: The 20% Oversight

Most first-time builders allocate only for construction and forget that exam chairs, dental units, autoclaves, and cabinetry must be purchased and installed separately. Budget $50,000–$150,000 for a three-operatory dental practice or $75,000–$250,000 for a four-exam-room medical office. Installation of built-in equipment (dental delivery systems, wall-mounted X-ray units, nurse call systems) adds 15–25% to equipment costs because of specialized labor and integration with MEP/FP rough-ins. Always buy equipment before construction drawings are finalized — dimensional specs for chair footprints, utility connections, and clearance zones must be baked into the architectural plans to avoid costly change orders later.

FAQ

What is the typical cost per square foot for a medical or dental office buildout? Expect a range of $100 to $300 per square foot. General medical offices often fall between $100–$200/sq ft, while specialty practices like surgery centers or high-end dental suites can reach $250–$300/sq ft. The final number depends on location, existing conditions, and finishes.

How much tenant improvement allowance should I ask for from the landlord? Landlord TI allowances typically range from $30 to $100 per square foot, but this varies widely by market and lease terms. In competitive urban areas, you might negotiate higher allowances, while smaller or secondary markets may offer less. Always compare the allowance to your total buildout budget to avoid out-of-pocket gaps.

What are the biggest hidden costs in a medical buildout? Common surprises include MEP (mechanical, electrical, plumbing) upgrades for specialized equipment, fire suppression modifications, and compliance with ADA or local health codes. These can add 10–30% to your budget. Always budget a 15–20% contingency for unforeseen issues during construction.

How long does a medical or dental office buildout typically take? Timelines range from 3 to 8 months, depending on scope and permitting. A straightforward dental office might take 3–4 months, while a complex medical suite with imaging or surgery rooms can take 6–8 months. Permit delays are common, so factor in extra time.

Should I hire a general contractor or a design-build firm? Both work, but design-build firms often streamline the process by handling architecture and construction under one contract. This can reduce coordination headaches and change orders. For smaller projects, a reputable general contractor with medical experience may be sufficient.

Can I save money by using existing infrastructure instead of building from scratch? Yes, reusing existing plumbing, electrical, and HVAC can cut costs by 20–40%. However, ensure the existing systems meet current medical codes and your practice’s needs. A thorough inspection by a medical construction specialist is essential before deciding.

Sources

RSMeans (Gordian) construction cost data — medical and dental office unit costs.
CBRE Healthcare, "Medical Office Building (MOB) Tenant Improvement Trends."
JLL Healthcare, "Medical Office Leasing and Buildout Cost Benchmarks."
Cushman & Wakefield, "Healthcare Occupier Advisory: TI and Turnkey Structuring."
NAIOP, "Medical Office Development and Tenant Improvement Standards."
BOMA International, "Medical Office Building Lease and Work-Letter Guidance."
American Dental Association, "Dental Office Design and Buildout Cost Guidance."

Download:

![How Do I Budget a Medical or Dental Office Buildout?](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/3ba3ac_6076c1ea22f84a3a80f757d8bfbd4eac~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_4032,h_3024,al_c,q_90/307.002%20Riverside%203rd%20Floor%20Buildout%20Burbonnais%20Proejct%20Photos11.jpg)

<svg xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1200 340" role="img" aria-label="How Do I Budget a Medical or Dental Office Buildout? — PULSE Buildouts"><rect width="1200" height="340" fill="#EBE9DE"/><rect width="14" height="340" fill="#C0531F"/><text x="58" y="116" font-family="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" font-size="32" font-weight="800" letter-spacing="3" fill="#C0531F">PULSE BUILDOUTS · COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE</text><text x="56" y="198" font-family="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" font-size="60" font-weight="800" fill="#2b2b2b">Save money. Don’t get screwed.</text><text x="58" y="258" font-family="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif" font-size="30" font-weight="600" fill="#6b5b4d">Leases, TI, NNN &amp; buildouts — negotiated in your favor</text><g transform="translate(1010,86)" fill="none" stroke="#C0531F" stroke-width="9" stroke-linejoin="round"><rect x="20" y="40" width="150" height="130"/><line x1="20" y1="40" x2="95" y2="6"/><line x1="170" y1="40" x2="95" y2="6"/><rect x="50" y="80" width="36" height="36"/><rect x="104" y="80" width="36" height="36"/><rect x="74" y="128" width="42" height="42"/></g></svg>

# How Do I Budget a Medical or Dental Office Buildout?

## Direct Answer

Budget a medical or dental office buildout at **$100–$300 per square foot**, with general medical offices landing around **$100–$200/sq ft** and specialized builds — surgical suites, dental operatories, imaging rooms — running **$200–$400+/sq ft** because of plumbing, lead shielding, medical gas, and equipment infrastructure. For a typical **3,000 sq ft practice**, that's an all-in of **$300,000–$1,200,000**. The biggest money-saver is negotiating a **Tenant Improvement (TI) allowance of $40–$100/sq ft** — medical landlords routinely give **higher TI than retail** because healthcare tenants are sticky, long-term, and high-credit. On a 3,000 sq ft suite at $70/sq ft, that's **$210,000** the landlord funds. Also negotiate **6–12 months of free rent** during the long medical buildout, and **confirm utility, plumbing, and HVAC capacity before signing** — retrofitting a standard office into operatories or exam rooms is where budgets explode.

## Where the Money Goes in a Medical Build

![How Do I Budget a Medical or Dental Office Buildout? — Where the Money Goes in a Medical Build](https://image.pollinations.ai/prompt/high%20quality%20editorial%20business%20professional%20office%20photograph%20illustrating%20Where%20the%20Money%20Goes%20in%20a%20Medical%20Build%20How%20Do%20I%20Budget%20a%20Medical%20or%20Dental%20Offi%2C%20realistic%20magazine%20style%2C%20warm%20light%2C%20no%20text%2C%20no%20watermark?width=1200&height=675&nologo=true&model=flux&seed=36617)


Medical and dental builds are plumbing- and infrastructure-heavy. The cost drivers differ sharply from a standard office:

- **Plumbing and operatories: 20–35%.** Every dental **operatory** needs water, suction, drainage, and compressed air. Each operatory can cost **$25,000–$50,000** fully equipped. Exam rooms with sinks add plumbing runs throughout.
- **MEP and HVAC: 20–30%.** Medical spaces need **upgraded HVAC** for air exchange, isolation, and equipment heat. Surgical and procedure rooms may require **dedicated air-handling and negative-pressure** systems.
- **Specialized infrastructure: 10–25%.** **Lead shielding for X-ray/imaging** (**$15,000–$60,000**), **medical gas lines** (oxygen, nitrous, vacuum), nurse-call systems, and shielded data.
- **Finishes and casework: 15–20%.** Medical-grade, cleanable surfaces, built-in **casework/cabinetry**, ADA-compliant layouts, antimicrobial flooring.
- **FF&E and equipment: varies widely.** Chairs, imaging, sterilization — often a **separate budget** from construction, financed through equipment loans.
- **Soft costs: 10–15%.** Architect with healthcare experience, MEP engineer, permits, and **health-department/licensing review**.

```mermaid
flowchart TD
  A[Medical/Dental Buildout Budget] --> B[Plumbing & Operatories 20-35%]
  A --> C[MEP & HVAC 20-30%]
  A --> D[Specialized: shielding, med gas 10-25%]
  A --> E[Finishes & Casework 15-20%]
  A --> F[Soft Costs 10-15%]
  A --> G[Contingency 10-15%]
  B --> H[Each operatory $25K-50K]
  D --> I[Lead shielding $15K-60K]
```

## Site Selection: Buy the Right Infrastructure, Don't Build It

![How Do I Budget a Medical or Dental Office Buildout? — Site Selection: Buy the Right Infrastructure, Don't Buil](https://image.pollinations.ai/prompt/high%20quality%20editorial%20business%20professional%20office%20photograph%20illustrating%20Site%20Selection%3A%20Buy%20the%20Right%20Infrastructure%2C%20Don't%20Buil%20How%20Do%20I%20Budget%20a%20Medic%2C%20realistic%20magazine%20style%2C%20warm%20light%2C%20no%20text%2C%20no%20watermark?width=1200&height=675&nologo=true&model=flux&seed=32545)


The cheapest path is leasing a space that already fits the use.

- **Target a second-generation medical space.** A former dental or medical office already has the **plumbing layout, operatory infrastructure, shielding, and medical-grade HVAC**. This can save **$75,000–$300,000** and months of timeline. **CBRE** and **JLL** healthcare-advisory teams specialize in sourcing these.
- **Confirm core-and-shell capacity in writing.** Medical uses demand more **water, drainage, electrical, and HVAC tonnage** than standard office. Get the landlord to document available capacity before signing — a discovery that the building **can't support the air exchange or amperage** can add **$50,000–$150,000** or kill the deal entirely.
- **Check the building classification and zoning.** Not every office building permits medical use; parking ratios, ADA access, and **after-hours HVAC** all matter. A space that can't be licensed is worthless no matter how cheap.

## The TI Allowance: Medical Tenants Have Leverage

![How Do I Budget a Medical or Dental Office Buildout? — The TI Allowance: Medical Tenants Have Leverage](https://image.pollinations.ai/prompt/high%20quality%20editorial%20business%20professional%20office%20photograph%20illustrating%20The%20TI%20Allowance%3A%20Medical%20Tenants%20Have%20Leverage%20How%20Do%20I%20Budget%20a%20Medical%20or%20Den%2C%20realistic%20magazine%20style%2C%20warm%20light%2C%20no%20text%2C%20no%20watermark?width=1200&height=675&nologo=true&model=flux&seed=83335)


Healthcare tenants are landlords' favorite tenants — long leases, strong credit, low turnover. Use that.

- **Higher TI than retail or general office: $40–$100/sq ft** is common, and **$100+/sq ft** for strong-credit groups or medical office buildings (MOBs) built for healthcare. On 3,000 sq ft at $70/sq ft, the landlord funds **$210,000**.
- **Free rent during the long build.** Medical buildouts take **4–8 months**; demand **6–12 months of rent abatement** so you're not paying for a construction site. That's **$30,000–$120,000** saved.
- **Negotiate "turnkey" delivery for general medical.** For non-specialized exam-room buildouts, you can sometimes get the **landlord to deliver the space built to your plans (turnkey)**, shifting cost-overrun risk to them.
- **Amortized TI is a loan.** Extra allowance amortized into rent at **7–10% interest** is debt — compare it to an SBA 7(a) or equipment loan before accepting.
- **Use a healthcare tenant rep.** A broker who does medical leases knows MOB landlords, market TI norms, and how to structure draws — paid out of the standard commission pool, not your pocket.

```mermaid
flowchart LR
  A[Total Medical Build Cost] --> B[TI Allowance $40-100/sf]
  A --> C[Equipment financed separately]
  A --> D[Your out-of-pocket]
  B --> E[Landlord funds large share]
  C --> F[Equipment loan / SBA]
  A --> G[6-12 mo free rent]
  G --> H[Save $30K-120K]
  B --> I[Progress draws w/ lien waivers]
```

## Control the Build and the Equipment Spend

- **Get a fixed-price GC contract** from contractors with **healthcare build experience** — medical work has stricter inspections (**health department, infection control, ADA**) and a generalist GC will rack up rework.
- **Separate construction from equipment budgets.** Imaging, chairs, and sterilization are often **equipment-financed** at favorable rates. Don't fund a CBCT scanner out of your construction loan.
- **Lock plans before bidding.** Operatory plumbing and shielding change orders are brutally expensive — a relocated operatory can cost **$20,000+** mid-build.
- **Carry a 10–15% contingency.** Medical retrofits routinely uncover **plumbing, code, and HVAC** surprises.
- **Phase if cash is tight.** Build the operatories/exam rooms you need on day one and **stub in** plumbing/electrical for future rooms — far cheaper than re-opening walls later.

## Don't Get Screwed: The Traps

- **HVAC that can't handle medical load.** Standard office HVAC won't meet medical **air-exchange** requirements. Verify tonnage and air handling before signing, or you'll pay **$40,000–$100,000** to upgrade.
- **Shielding and med-gas afterthoughts.** Lead shielding and medical gas must be designed in early; retrofitting after framing is costly rework.
- **Health-department delays.** Licensing and inspection can add **weeks to months**. Hire a healthcare-experienced architect and **permit expediter** to avoid paying rent on an unlicensable space.
- **TI clawbacks and draw expirations.** Allowances that expire if unused within **6–12 months**, or claw back on early default, can leave you short. Read disbursement terms.

<!--pillar-weave-->
## Related on PULSE

- [How Do I Budget a Call Center or BPO Office Buildout?](/knowledge/q13800)
- [How Do I Budget an Orthodontics or Oral-Surgery Office Buildout?](/knowledge/q13784)
- [What Service Fees Should a Dental Practice Charge?](/knowledge/q16135)
- [How Do I Get My Dental Front Desk to Close Treatment Plans?](/knowledge/q15834)
- [How Many Sales Reps Do I Need to Hire for My Dental Equipment Company?](/knowledge/q15761)
- [How Many Sales Reps Do I Need to Hire for My Dental Support Organization?](/knowledge/q15556)

## The Hidden Cost of MEP/FP Infrastructure

Plumbing, electrical, and medical gas systems often consume 30–40% of a medical or dental buildout budget — far more than in standard commercial offices. A single dental operatory requires 6–8 plumbing rough-ins (water, suction, compressed air), while an imaging suite needs dedicated 208V or 480V circuits and sometimes a transformer upgrade. Budget $15–$25 per square foot for basic MEP/FP work, but expect $30–$50/sq ft if you’re adding a wet lab, sterilization center, or nitrous oxide lines. Lead shielding for X-ray rooms adds another $5,000–$15,000 per room. Always get a separate MEP/FP bid from a contractor who specializes in healthcare — general electricians routinely underestimate the cost of medical-grade wiring and backflow prevention.

## The Permit and Compliance Trap

Municipal permits for medical buildouts cost 2–4x more than retail permits because of health department reviews, fire marshal inspections, and ADA compliance checks. Budget $5,000–$20,000 for permit fees alone, plus 4–12 weeks of review time. Common gotchas include: insufficient egress width for gurneys (needs 48 inches), missing handwashing sinks in exam rooms (required by code in most states), and inadequate ventilation for sterilization areas. A single plan revision can cost $1,500–$5,000 in architect fees. Factor in a 10–15% contingency ($30,000–$180,000 on a typical project) specifically for compliance surprises — not for cosmetic upgrades.

## Equipment and Furnishings: The 20% Oversight

Most first-time builders allocate only for construction and forget that exam chairs, dental units, autoclaves, and cabinetry must be purchased and installed separately. Budget $50,000–$150,000 for a three-operatory dental practice or $75,000–$250,000 for a four-exam-room medical office. Installation of built-in equipment (dental delivery systems, wall-mounted X-ray units, nurse call systems) adds 15–25% to equipment costs because of specialized labor and integration with MEP/FP rough-ins. Always buy equipment before construction drawings are finalized — dimensional specs for chair footprints, utility connections, and clearance zones must be baked into the architectural plans to avoid costly change orders later.

## FAQ

**What is the typical cost per square foot for a medical or dental office buildout?**  
Expect a range of $100 to $300 per square foot. General medical offices often fall between $100–$200/sq ft, while specialty practices like surgery centers or high-end dental suites can reach $250–$300/sq ft. The final number depends on location, existing conditions, and finishes.

**How much tenant improvement allowance should I ask for from the landlord?**  
Landlord TI allowances typically range from $30 to $100 per square foot, but this varies widely by market and lease terms. In competitive urban areas, you might negotiate higher allowances, while smaller or secondary markets may offer less. Always compare the allowance to your total buildout budget to avoid out-of-pocket gaps.

**What are the biggest hidden costs in a medical buildout?**  
Common surprises include MEP (mechanical, electrical, plumbing) upgrades for specialized equipment, fire suppression modifications, and compliance with ADA or local health codes. These can add 10–30% to your budget. Always budget a 15–20% contingency for unforeseen issues during construction.

**How long does a medical or dental office buildout typically take?**  
Timelines range from 3 to 8 months, depending on scope and permitting. A straightforward dental office might take 3–4 months, while a complex medical suite with imaging or surgery rooms can take 6–8 months. Permit delays are common, so factor in extra time.

**Should I hire a general contractor or a design-build firm?**  
Both work, but design-build firms often streamline the process by handling architecture and construction under one contract. This can reduce coordination headaches and change orders. For smaller projects, a reputable general contractor with medical experience may be sufficient.

**Can I save money by using existing infrastructure instead of building from scratch?**  
Yes, reusing existing plumbing, electrical, and HVAC can cut costs by 20–40%. However, ensure the existing systems meet current medical codes and your practice’s needs. A thorough inspection by a medical construction specialist is essential before deciding.

## Sources

- RSMeans (Gordian) construction cost data — medical and dental office unit costs.
- CBRE Healthcare, "Medical Office Building (MOB) Tenant Improvement Trends."
- JLL Healthcare, "Medical Office Leasing and Buildout Cost Benchmarks."
- Cushman & Wakefield, "Healthcare Occupier Advisory: TI and Turnkey Structuring."
- NAIOP, "Medical Office Development and Tenant Improvement Standards."
- BOMA International, "Medical Office Building Lease and Work-Letter Guidance."
- American Dental Association, "Dental Office Design and Buildout Cost Guidance."

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