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How Do I Budget an Arcade or Barcade Buildout?

📖 1,982 words🗓️ Published Jun 23, 2026

Direct Answer

Budget $120–$300 per square foot for an arcade or barcade buildout — far higher than a plain bar because you're stacking a liquor-license kitchen and bar on top of a power-hungry gaming floor — which on a typical 4,000–6,000 sq ft space puts the all-in number between $480,000 and $1.8M before you buy a single game. The biggest money mistake is underestimating electrical capacity: a vintage cabinet pulls 100–300 watts, modern redemption and VR rigs pull far more, and a 40-machine floor plus kitchen and bar can demand a 400–600 amp service where the building delivers 200. Upgrading the electrical service and adding dedicated circuits runs $25,000–$80,000, and if the utility has to set a new transformer you're looking at months of lead time — get this priced *before* you sign. Games themselves are a separate capital line: budget $3,000–$8,000 per classic cabinet used, $8,000–$25,000 per modern redemption/ticket game, and a 30–50 machine floor totals $200,000–$600,000. The bar and kitchen carry their own buildout: a full commercial kitchen with a Type I hood and grease trap adds $80,000–$200,000+, and a bar with draft system, walk-in cooler, and POS runs $60,000–$150,000. The single best money move is to make the landlord deliver a vanilla shell or warm shell — slab, demised walls, HVAC stub, grease waste line, and adequate base electrical service — and push $50–$90 per square foot of TI allowance plus a grease interceptor and electrical upgrade as base-building work. Never sign before you confirm the lease *allows* both an arcade use and on-premise liquor — a single restrictive-use or co-tenancy clause in the landlord's standard form can kill the concept after you've spent on design.

Where The Money Actually Goes

A barcade is two expensive businesses sharing one slab. Budget each honestly.

Electrical service and distribution. This is the line that surprises everyone. Between gaming, kitchen equipment, the bar, and HVAC, a barcade is electrically dense. Plan for:

Service upgrade to 400–600 amps: $25,000–$80,000 (more if the utility sets a new transformer).
Dedicated gaming circuits and floor boxes: $15,000–$40,000. You cannot run 40 cabinets off a few wall outlets — you need home-run circuits and conveniently placed floor power.
Generator/UPS for POS and security: optional but $10,000–$30,000.

Audio/visual and gaming infrastructure. Beyond the games: $30,000–$120,000 for distributed sound, video walls, projector zones, networked card-swipe/redemption systems (Embed, Intercard, Sacoa), and LED feature lighting. The card system alone is $20,000–$60,000 for a mid-size floor.

The bar. Draft system with glycol lines, walk-in cooler ($12,000–$30,000), three-compartment sink, ice machines, back bar, and POS: $60,000–$150,000.

The kitchen. If you serve more than frozen pizza, a commercial kitchen with a Type I hood, Ansul suppression, make-up air, and grease interceptor runs $80,000–$200,000+ all-in. (If you can stick to a Type II hood for non-grease cooking, you save tens of thousands — design around it.)

The Hidden Costs Operators Miss

Floor loading and slab: Heavy redemption games and a walk-in cooler concentrate weight. Confirm the slab and any second-floor structure can carry it before you sign.
HVAC and ventilation: A packed gaming floor plus kitchen heat needs serious tonnage and make-up air. New/upsized systems: $15–$30 per square foot.
Sound isolation: Games, music, and crowds generate noise complaints. Acoustic treatment and isolation: $20,000–$60,000 — cheaper than a lawsuit or a noise-ordinance shutdown.
ADA and restrooms: A bar/entertainment use triggers fixture counts based on occupant load. A code restroom build is $30,000–$80,000.
Grease interceptor: An exterior in-ground interceptor can run $10,000–$40,000 installed — make the landlord provide it.
Permits and design: Architect/MEP at 8–12% of hard costs, plus health department, fire marshal, and ABC liquor-license review timelines that can stretch the schedule by months.

Make The Landlord Pay (And Don't Get Screwed)

A barcade drives nighttime traffic to a center — leverage that.

Force the use and exclusivity questions up front. Before design dollars, confirm in writing the lease permits arcade/amusement use AND on-premise liquor, and that no co-tenant has an exclusive that blocks you (a neighboring bar's exclusivity clause can void your concept). Get a use clause broad enough to cover games, food, alcohol, and events.

Push grease interceptor and electrical upgrade to base building. These are building infrastructure, not your decor. A landlord converting a dark restaurant space should fund the grease line and an adequate electrical service. If they won't, amortize it into rent at 6–9% instead of paying cash.

Get a real TI allowance. Entertainment/F&B TI allowances run $50–$90 per square foot in a typical retail/center deal — sometimes higher to land a magnet tenant. Anything above the allowance, ask the landlord to fund and amortize.

Cap CAM and exclude capital costs. Negotiate a 3–5% cap on controllable CAM, exclude roof/parking/structure replacement, and keep an audit right. Entertainment tenants get overcharged on CAM because of their square footage.

Free rent through buildout AND ramp. A barcade takes 4–8 months to build and license. Negotiate 4–8 months of free rent covering construction *plus* a short ramp — never pay rent on a space stuck in permitting.

Nail down what you take with you. Games, card systems, and most bar equipment are trade fixtures you own. Spell that out so the landlord can't claim your $400,000 game floor. Strike or cap any restoration clause that would force you to rip out the hood and grease line on the way out.

A Realistic 5,000 Sq Ft Barcade Budget

Electrical service + distribution: $40,000–$120,000
Type I hood + grease interceptor + kitchen: $90,000–$220,000
Bar build + walk-in + draft + POS: $70,000–$150,000
A/V + card/redemption system: $40,000–$120,000
HVAC upgrade: $75,000–$150,000
Restrooms + ADA: $40,000–$80,000
Acoustics: $25,000–$60,000
Flooring/finishes/decor/seating: $120,000–$300,000
Design/engineering/permits: $80,000–$180,000
Contingency (12–15%): $80,000–$200,000

Subtotal (buildout): roughly $660,000–$1.6M, then add $200,000–$600,000 for games — which is exactly why every dollar of landlord-funded infrastructure matters.

flowchart TD A[Leased shell] --> B{Electrical service adequate?} B -- No --> C["Upgrade to 400-600Aunder br/over $25-80k + utility lead time"] B -- Yes --> D["Distribute gaming circuitsunder br/over $15-40k"] C --> D D --> E{Serving grease-cooked food?} E -- Yes --> F["Type I hood + grease trapunder br/over $80-200k"] E -- No --> G["Type II hoodunder br/over save tens of thousands"] F --> H[Bar + walk-in + POS $60-150k] G --> H H --> I["A/V + card system $30-120k"] I --> J[Buy games $200-600k] J --> K[Open]

flowchart LR A[LOI] --> B["Confirm use + liquor +under br/over no co-tenant exclusive"] B --> C["Grease trap + electricalunder br/at least base building"] C --> D["TI allowance $50-90/sf"] D --> E["Amortize overage 6-9%"] E --> F["Cap CAM 3-5% + audit"] F --> G["Games/bar = trade fixturesunder br/over you own"] G --> H[4-8 mo free rent] H --> I[Strike restoration clause] I --> J[Sign]

Related on PULSE

[How Many Employees Should I Schedule Each Shift at My Arcade and Barcade?](/knowledge/q15774)
[Should I open a barcade in 2027?](/knowledge/q15106)
[How do you start a barcade business in 2027?](/knowledge/q9644)
[How Do I Budget a VR Arcade or Laser Tag Buildout?](/knowledge/q13812)
[Should I open a arcade business in 2027?](/knowledge/q15105)
[How Many Employees Should I Schedule Each Shift at My VR Arcade?](/knowledge/q15986)

Hidden Cost: HVAC Load & Zoning

Arcade machines and kitchen equipment generate significant heat — a 40-machine floor can raise ambient temperature by 10–15°F. Standard commercial HVAC often can't keep up, leading to overheated electronics, spoiled inventory, and unhappy customers. Budget $15,000–$45,000 for supplemental HVAC, including dedicated mini-splits for the game floor and kitchen. Zoning is critical: you'll need separate climate control for the bar area (where patrons linger) versus the game floor (where they move around). If the space has an existing single-zone system, expect to add $5,000–$12,000 for ductwork modifications and thermostat zones.

Flooring & Acoustic Treatment

Arcade floors take a beating from dropped coins, spilled drinks, and heavy cabinet movement. Standard carpet or tile won't hold up. Budget $8–$20 per square foot for commercial-grade LVT (luxury vinyl tile) or epoxy-coated concrete that resists stains and is easy to clean. Acoustic treatment is equally overlooked — 40 machines blaring soundtracks, buzzers, and jackpot noises create a deafening echo chamber. Install acoustic ceiling tiles, wall panels, or baffles for $3,000–$10,000 to keep noise levels comfortable and avoid complaints from neighboring tenants or noise ordinances.

Permitting & Code Compliance

Arcades and barcades face unique permitting hurdles beyond standard bar buildouts. Many municipalities classify them as "amusement arcades" requiring a special use permit, which can add $2,000–$8,000 in application fees and legal costs. Fire codes often mandate a fire suppression system for the kitchen (already factored) but also require emergency lighting and exit signage rated for high-occupancy spaces (over 100 people). Budget $3,000–$10,000 for fire marshal compliance, including sprinkler head adjustments and alarm system upgrades. Don't forget ADA compliance for game aisles (minimum 36 inches wide) and accessible counter heights — retrofitting after construction can cost triple.

FAQ

What’s the biggest cost driver in an arcade buildout? The electrical and HVAC systems. Arcade machines pull serious power and generate heat, so you’ll need upgraded panels, dedicated circuits, and extra cooling — often adding $20–$50 per square foot compared to a standard bar buildout.

Can I save money by buying used arcade machines? Yes, but budget for refurbishment. Used machines typically run $1,000–$4,000 each, but you’ll spend another $500–$1,500 per unit on repairs, new monitors, or control boards. Factor in a 10–20% failure rate for older cabinets.

How much should I set aside for permits and licenses? Expect $15,000–$50,000 depending on your city. This covers building permits, liquor license fees, and amusement device licenses. Some municipalities require separate electrical permits for each machine, which can add $100–$300 per unit.

What’s the typical timeline from lease to opening? Most arcade buildouts take 6–12 months. The longest delays often come from electrical work (4–8 weeks) and liquor license approval (2–6 months). Plan for at least 3 months of rent during construction with no revenue.

Do I need a commercial kitchen for a barcade? Not always, but it helps margins. A full kitchen adds $50,000–$150,000 to the buildout. Many barcades get by with a prep kitchen for frozen pizzas and snacks ($15,000–$40,000) or partner with nearby restaurants.

What’s a realistic monthly operating budget? Expect $15,000–$35,000 per month for rent, utilities, insurance, and staff. Electricity alone can run $3,000–$8,000 monthly for a 4,000 sq ft space with 30–50 machines. Factor in 15–25% of revenue for machine maintenance and repairs.

Sources

CBRE, *U.S. Retail Figures* — entertainment/F&B lease conditions and TI allowance benchmarks.
JLL, *Retail & Experiential Tenant Trends* — magnet-tenant TI structures and warm-shell delivery.
Cushman & Wakefield, *Restaurant & Entertainment Buildout Cost Guide* — kitchen, bar, and grease infrastructure costs.
RSMeans Building Construction Cost Data — electrical service upgrade, HVAC, restroom, and kitchen unit pricing.
NFPA 96, *Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations* — Type I hood and suppression requirements.
Embed / Intercard / Sacoa published cashless card-system pricing for amusement venues.
NAIOP, *Tenant Improvement & Capital Cost Trends* — TI allowance amortization practice.
BOMA International, *Operating Expense Standards* — CAM caps, exclusions, and audit rights.

Download:

![How Do I Budget an Arcade or Barcade Buildout?](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/hySxpPjgtGc/maxresdefault.jpg)

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# How Do I Budget an Arcade or Barcade Buildout?

## Direct Answer

Budget **$120–$300 per square foot** for an arcade or barcade buildout — far higher than a plain bar because you're stacking a **liquor-license kitchen and bar** on top of a **power-hungry gaming floor** — which on a typical **4,000–6,000 sq ft** space puts the all-in number between **$480,000 and $1.8M** before you buy a single game. The biggest money mistake is underestimating **electrical capacity**: a vintage cabinet pulls **100–300 watts**, modern redemption and VR rigs pull far more, and a 40-machine floor plus kitchen and bar can demand a **400–600 amp service** where the building delivers **200**. Upgrading the electrical service and adding dedicated circuits runs **$25,000–$80,000**, and if the utility has to set a new transformer you're looking at months of lead time — get this priced *before* you sign. Games themselves are a separate capital line: budget **$3,000–$8,000 per classic cabinet** used, **$8,000–$25,000 per modern redemption/ticket game**, and a 30–50 machine floor totals **$200,000–$600,000.** The bar and kitchen carry their own buildout: a full commercial kitchen with a **Type I hood and grease trap adds $80,000–$200,000+**, and a bar with draft system, walk-in cooler, and POS runs **$60,000–$150,000.** The single best money move is to make the landlord deliver a **vanilla shell or warm shell** — slab, demised walls, HVAC stub, grease waste line, and adequate base electrical service — and push **$50–$90 per square foot of TI allowance** plus **a grease interceptor and electrical upgrade as base-building work.** Never sign before you confirm the lease *allows* both an arcade use **and** on-premise liquor — a single restrictive-use or co-tenancy clause in the landlord's standard form can kill the concept after you've spent on design.

## Where The Money Actually Goes

![How Do I Budget an Arcade or Barcade Buildout? — Where The Money Actually Goes](https://image.pollinations.ai/prompt/high%20quality%20editorial%20business%20professional%20office%20photograph%20illustrating%20Where%20The%20Money%20Actually%20Goes%20How%20Do%20I%20Budget%20an%20Arcade%20or%20Barcade%20Buildout%3F%2C%20realistic%20magazine%20style%2C%20warm%20light%2C%20no%20text%2C%20no%20watermark?width=1200&height=675&nologo=true&model=flux&seed=98639)


A barcade is two expensive businesses sharing one slab. Budget each honestly.

**Electrical service and distribution.** This is the line that surprises everyone. Between gaming, kitchen equipment, the bar, and HVAC, a barcade is **electrically dense.** Plan for:

- **Service upgrade to 400–600 amps:** **$25,000–$80,000** (more if the utility sets a new transformer).
- **Dedicated gaming circuits and floor boxes:** **$15,000–$40,000.** You cannot run 40 cabinets off a few wall outlets — you need home-run circuits and conveniently placed floor power.
- **Generator/UPS for POS and security:** optional but **$10,000–$30,000.**

**Audio/visual and gaming infrastructure.** Beyond the games: **$30,000–$120,000** for distributed sound, video walls, projector zones, networked card-swipe/redemption systems (Embed, Intercard, Sacoa), and LED feature lighting. The card system alone is **$20,000–$60,000** for a mid-size floor.

**The bar.** Draft system with glycol lines, **walk-in cooler ($12,000–$30,000)**, three-compartment sink, ice machines, back bar, and POS: **$60,000–$150,000.**

**The kitchen.** If you serve more than frozen pizza, a commercial kitchen with a **Type I hood, Ansul suppression, make-up air, and grease interceptor** runs **$80,000–$200,000+** all-in. (If you can stick to a Type II hood for non-grease cooking, you save tens of thousands — design around it.)

## The Hidden Costs Operators Miss

![How Do I Budget an Arcade or Barcade Buildout? — The Hidden Costs Operators Miss](https://image.pollinations.ai/prompt/high%20quality%20editorial%20business%20professional%20office%20photograph%20illustrating%20The%20Hidden%20Costs%20Operators%20Miss%20How%20Do%20I%20Budget%20an%20Arcade%20or%20Barcade%20Buildout%3F%2C%20realistic%20magazine%20style%2C%20warm%20light%2C%20no%20text%2C%20no%20watermark?width=1200&height=675&nologo=true&model=flux&seed=98218)


```mermaid
flowchart TD
    A[Leased shell] --> B{Electrical service adequate?}
    B -- No --> C[Upgrade to 400-600Aunder br/over $25-80k + utility lead time]
    B -- Yes --> D[Distribute gaming circuitsunder br/over $15-40k]
    C --> D
    D --> E{Serving grease-cooked food?}
    E -- Yes --> F[Type I hood + grease trapunder br/over $80-200k]
    E -- No --> G[Type II hoodunder br/over save tens of thousands]
    F --> H[Bar + walk-in + POS $60-150k]
    G --> H
    H --> I[A/V + card system $30-120k]
    I --> J[Buy games $200-600k]
    J --> K[Open]
```

- **Floor loading and slab:** Heavy redemption games and a walk-in cooler concentrate weight. Confirm the slab and any second-floor structure can carry it before you sign.
- **HVAC and ventilation:** A packed gaming floor plus kitchen heat needs serious tonnage and make-up air. New/upsized systems: **$15–$30 per square foot.**
- **Sound isolation:** Games, music, and crowds generate noise complaints. Acoustic treatment and isolation: **$20,000–$60,000** — cheaper than a lawsuit or a noise-ordinance shutdown.
- **ADA and restrooms:** A bar/entertainment use triggers fixture counts based on occupant load. A code restroom build is **$30,000–$80,000.**
- **Grease interceptor:** An exterior in-ground interceptor can run **$10,000–$40,000** installed — make the landlord provide it.
- **Permits and design:** Architect/MEP at **8–12% of hard costs**, plus health department, fire marshal, and ABC liquor-license review timelines that can stretch the schedule by months.

## Make The Landlord Pay (And Don't Get Screwed)

![How Do I Budget an Arcade or Barcade Buildout? — Make The Landlord Pay (And Don't Get Screwed)](https://image.pollinations.ai/prompt/high%20quality%20editorial%20business%20professional%20office%20photograph%20illustrating%20Make%20The%20Landlord%20Pay%20(And%20Don't%20Get%20Screwed)%20How%20Do%20I%20Budget%20an%20Arcade%20or%20Barca%2C%20realistic%20magazine%20style%2C%20warm%20light%2C%20no%20text%2C%20no%20watermark?width=1200&height=675&nologo=true&model=flux&seed=33126)


A barcade drives nighttime traffic to a center — leverage that.

**Force the use and exclusivity questions up front.** Before design dollars, confirm in writing the lease **permits arcade/amusement use AND on-premise liquor**, and that **no co-tenant has an exclusive** that blocks you (a neighboring bar's exclusivity clause can void your concept). Get a **use clause broad enough** to cover games, food, alcohol, and events.

**Push grease interceptor and electrical upgrade to base building.** These are **building infrastructure**, not your decor. A landlord converting a dark restaurant space should fund the grease line and an adequate electrical service. If they won't, **amortize it into rent at 6–9%** instead of paying cash.

**Get a real TI allowance.** Entertainment/F&B TI allowances run **$50–$90 per square foot** in a typical retail/center deal — sometimes higher to land a magnet tenant. Anything above the allowance, ask the landlord to fund and amortize.

**Cap CAM and exclude capital costs.** Negotiate a **3–5% cap on controllable CAM**, exclude roof/parking/structure replacement, and keep an **audit right.** Entertainment tenants get overcharged on CAM because of their square footage.

**Free rent through buildout AND ramp.** A barcade takes **4–8 months** to build and license. Negotiate **4–8 months of free rent** covering construction *plus* a short ramp — never pay rent on a space stuck in permitting.

**Nail down what you take with you.** Games, card systems, and most bar equipment are **trade fixtures you own.** Spell that out so the landlord can't claim your **$400,000** game floor. Strike or cap any **restoration clause** that would force you to rip out the hood and grease line on the way out.

```mermaid
flowchart LR
    A[LOI] --> B[Confirm use + liquor +under br/over no co-tenant exclusive]
    B --> C[Grease trap + electricalunder br/at least base building]
    C --> D[TI allowance $50-90/sf]
    D --> E[Amortize overage 6-9%]
    E --> F[Cap CAM 3-5% + audit]
    F --> G[Games/bar = trade fixturesunder br/over you own]
    G --> H[4-8 mo free rent]
    H --> I[Strike restoration clause]
    I --> J[Sign]
```

## A Realistic 5,000 Sq Ft Barcade Budget

- **Electrical service + distribution:** $40,000–$120,000
- **Type I hood + grease interceptor + kitchen:** $90,000–$220,000
- **Bar build + walk-in + draft + POS:** $70,000–$150,000
- **A/V + card/redemption system:** $40,000–$120,000
- **HVAC upgrade:** $75,000–$150,000
- **Restrooms + ADA:** $40,000–$80,000
- **Acoustics:** $25,000–$60,000
- **Flooring/finishes/decor/seating:** $120,000–$300,000
- **Design/engineering/permits:** $80,000–$180,000
- **Contingency (12–15%):** $80,000–$200,000

**Subtotal (buildout): roughly $660,000–$1.6M**, then add **$200,000–$600,000 for games** — which is exactly why every dollar of landlord-funded infrastructure matters.

<!--pillar-weave-->
## Related on PULSE

- [How Many Employees Should I Schedule Each Shift at My Arcade and Barcade?](/knowledge/q15774)
- [Should I open a barcade in 2027?](/knowledge/q15106)
- [How do you start a barcade business in 2027?](/knowledge/q9644)
- [How Do I Budget a VR Arcade or Laser Tag Buildout?](/knowledge/q13812)
- [Should I open a arcade business in 2027?](/knowledge/q15105)
- [How Many Employees Should I Schedule Each Shift at My VR Arcade?](/knowledge/q15986)

## Hidden Cost: HVAC Load & Zoning
Arcade machines and kitchen equipment generate significant heat — a 40-machine floor can raise ambient temperature by 10–15°F. Standard commercial HVAC often can't keep up, leading to overheated electronics, spoiled inventory, and unhappy customers. Budget **$15,000–$45,000** for supplemental HVAC, including dedicated mini-splits for the game floor and kitchen. Zoning is critical: you'll need separate climate control for the bar area (where patrons linger) versus the game floor (where they move around). If the space has an existing single-zone system, expect to add **$5,000–$12,000** for ductwork modifications and thermostat zones.

## Flooring & Acoustic Treatment
Arcade floors take a beating from dropped coins, spilled drinks, and heavy cabinet movement. Standard carpet or tile won't hold up. Budget **$8–$20 per square foot** for commercial-grade LVT (luxury vinyl tile) or epoxy-coated concrete that resists stains and is easy to clean. Acoustic treatment is equally overlooked — 40 machines blaring soundtracks, buzzers, and jackpot noises create a deafening echo chamber. Install acoustic ceiling tiles, wall panels, or baffles for **$3,000–$10,000** to keep noise levels comfortable and avoid complaints from neighboring tenants or noise ordinances.

## Permitting & Code Compliance
Arcades and barcades face unique permitting hurdles beyond standard bar buildouts. Many municipalities classify them as "amusement arcades" requiring a special use permit, which can add **$2,000–$8,000** in application fees and legal costs. Fire codes often mandate a **fire suppression system** for the kitchen (already factored) but also require **emergency lighting** and **exit signage** rated for high-occupancy spaces (over 100 people). Budget **$3,000–$10,000** for fire marshal compliance, including sprinkler head adjustments and alarm system upgrades. Don't forget **ADA compliance** for game aisles (minimum 36 inches wide) and accessible counter heights — retrofitting after construction can cost triple.

## FAQ

**What’s the biggest cost driver in an arcade buildout?**  
The electrical and HVAC systems. Arcade machines pull serious power and generate heat, so you’ll need upgraded panels, dedicated circuits, and extra cooling — often adding $20–$50 per square foot compared to a standard bar buildout.

**Can I save money by buying used arcade machines?**  
Yes, but budget for refurbishment. Used machines typically run $1,000–$4,000 each, but you’ll spend another $500–$1,500 per unit on repairs, new monitors, or control boards. Factor in a 10–20% failure rate for older cabinets.

**How much should I set aside for permits and licenses?**  
Expect $15,000–$50,000 depending on your city. This covers building permits, liquor license fees, and amusement device licenses. Some municipalities require separate electrical permits for each machine, which can add $100–$300 per unit.

**What’s the typical timeline from lease to opening?**  
Most arcade buildouts take 6–12 months. The longest delays often come from electrical work (4–8 weeks) and liquor license approval (2–6 months). Plan for at least 3 months of rent during construction with no revenue.

**Do I need a commercial kitchen for a barcade?**  
Not always, but it helps margins. A full kitchen adds $50,000–$150,000 to the buildout. Many barcades get by with a prep kitchen for frozen pizzas and snacks ($15,000–$40,000) or partner with nearby restaurants.

**What’s a realistic monthly operating budget?**  
Expect $15,000–$35,000 per month for rent, utilities, insurance, and staff. Electricity alone can run $3,000–$8,000 monthly for a 4,000 sq ft space with 30–50 machines. Factor in 15–25% of revenue for machine maintenance and repairs.

## Sources

- CBRE, *U.S. Retail Figures* — entertainment/F&B lease conditions and TI allowance benchmarks.
- JLL, *Retail & Experiential Tenant Trends* — magnet-tenant TI structures and warm-shell delivery.
- Cushman & Wakefield, *Restaurant & Entertainment Buildout Cost Guide* — kitchen, bar, and grease infrastructure costs.
- RSMeans Building Construction Cost Data — electrical service upgrade, HVAC, restroom, and kitchen unit pricing.
- NFPA 96, *Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations* — Type I hood and suppression requirements.
- Embed / Intercard / Sacoa published cashless card-system pricing for amusement venues.
- NAIOP, *Tenant Improvement & Capital Cost Trends* — TI allowance amortization practice.
- BOMA International, *Operating Expense Standards* — CAM caps, exclusions, and audit rights.

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